﹛

ACTA

ZOOLOGICA

SINICA

﹛

CHINESE

﹛

ACTA ZOOLOGICA SINICA

﹛

Vol. 48 No.2 Aug. 2002

﹛

ABSTRACT

﹛

Geological events and mammalian distribution in China

ZHANG Rong-Zu (Yong-Zu)

(Institute of Geographical Science and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101,China)

Abstract I utilized the results of research on the distribution patterns of mammalian species in China, incorporating these information as biological evidences in the study of paleo-environmental change. I used a method of quantitative mapping for the analysis. The examples discussed in this article illustrate how geological events and resulting environmental patterns and other changes have affected animal distributions. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):141-153, 2002, in English]

Key words Distribution pattern, Geological events, Zonal landscape system, Barrier, Transition, Zoogeography

﹛

Population dynamics of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi (Eucestoda:Bothriocephalidae) in juvenile grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus in pond culture in south China

(Ichthyology Laboratory, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

LIAO Xiang-Hua

Abstract The population dynamics of Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, a parasite in juvenile grass carp 物Ctenopharyngodon idellus (C.et V.) raised in a fish pond in South China, was studied in 1986, l987 and 1998玩 The tape worm population in age 0 and over-wintering age ｉgrass carp followed an annual cycle from its establishment to its decline, whereas age ｊcommercial sized fish was not affected. A high level of prevalence in winter led to a peak in early spring at 20.4 ⊥ and a high level of mean intensity in the following months.

When uninfected 0 group (1986) and ageｉjuvenile (1987) grass carp were introduced into the pond which kept the infected over-wintering grass carp, their prevalence reached 93.1% and 96.9% respectively one month after infection. The prevalence of the tapeworm in over-wintering and newly infected juvenile grass carp declined sharply in August and September at 28‵33⊥ and rose again to a minor peak in October. The mean intensity of 243.9 worms was observed in July. Cestode dispersion (S²/Means) for 1986 and 1987 was > 1 from April to October. In the population structure from April to August, young worms < 1 cm dominated, maintaining 97玩2%‵98.2%. In November, the number of young worms decreased with the appearance of large-sized gravid worms, which either vanished or remained in small numbers in December. The above findings provide a feasible basis for the control of bothriocephaliasis epizootics. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):154-166, 2002, in English]

Key words Bothriocephalid tapeworm(Bothriocephalus acheilognathi), Prevalence, Mean intensity, Population structure

E-mail:ls20@zsu.edu.cn

﹛

Effects of the familiarity on mate choice and mate recognition

in Microtus mandarinus and M.oeconomus

ZHAO Ya-Jun^ＫＬ牧TAI Fa-Dao^ＬWANG Ting-Zheng^Ｌ ZHAO Xin-Quan^ＭLi Bao-Ming^Ｋ

(Ｋ Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory for Agro-biological Environmental Engineering,China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083,China)

(Ｌ College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062,China)

(Ｍ Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810001, China)

Abstract The effects of different terms of cohabitation on mate choice and mate recognition were investigated in the laboratory colonies of mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus) indicating a monogamous species, and root voles (M. oeconomus) being a generally polygynous species. In cages with pairs of conspecific opposite sex voles starting at the age of at least 60 days, short-term cohabitation (2‵7 days) was made to establish mating familiarity, and long-term cohabitation (more than 25 days) to the solidified partnership of breeding at least one litter. Then, male and female preferences for the familiar (or partner) vs. strange conspecific heterosexual voles were examined in a Y-shaped maze, of which two stimulus voles were tethered in two choice chambers, respectively. (1) Both mandarin vole females and males showed preferences for the heterosexual familiars over strangers, and for partners over strangers. In root voles, only females showed preferences for the familiar males over strange males, and for the partner males over strange males, but males made no choices between familiar and strange females, and between partner and stranger females. (2) In both vole species, females preferentially associated with conspecific partner males more than with familiar males, but males displayed no preference. (3) In both vole species, females spent significantly more time sniffing/licking conspecific familiar or partner males than strange males, but this was not the case in male voles. Our results demonstrate: (1) mate choice and mate recognition based on familiarity is more intensive in mandarin voles than in root voles; (2) sniff variant can be regarded as an indication of mate recognition, and the intensity of mate recognition is related to familiarity degree; (3) differential sniff between female and male of two vole species indicates the sexual dimorphism that mate recognition of females is more sensitive than that of males in both vole species, based on familiarity; (4) mate recognition of female voles may be dependent on their physiological state stimulated by copulation and parturition. Although mate choice of male in two vole species is quite dissimilar, mate choice of female mandarin voles is the same as that of female root voles, suggesting that mate choice pattern of monogamous mandarin voles is not quite different from that of polygynous root voles. However, difference in mate choice of the two vole species is consistent with their mating systems, i.e. mate choices of mandarin voles and root voles match with the monogamy and polygyny in their social organizations, respectively. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):167-174, 2002,]

Key words Mandarin vole (Microtus mandarinus), Root vole(M. oeconomus), Cohabitation, Familiarity, Mate choice, Mate recognition, Monogamy, Polygyny

E-mail:yajunzhao@263.net

﹛

Effects of temperature on the development and population growth of brine

shrimp(Artemia parthenogenetica gahai)物

JIA Qin-Xian^ＫXU Ning^ＬZHU Jiang^ＫXU Mu-Qi CAO Hong

(Ｋ Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080,China)

(Ｌ Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China)

Abstract The effects of temperature on the population of the brine shrimp (A. parthenogenetica gahai) in the Gahai Salt Lake were studied. The major results are as follows.

1) The cold tolerance (TC) test showed that the TC of the nauplii was the strongest, followed by the adult and the larve in whole lifetime. The TC of nauplii was ㄜ1.7⊥ higher than that of larvae and -0.9⊥ higher than that of adults.

2) The adaptive temperature for brine shrimp ranged from 11⊥‵38⊥. The threshold temperature of development (TD) and the effective accumulative temperature (TA) for hatching were 9.94⊥ and (22.91㊣2.08)⊥﹞days, respectively. The TD and TA for the larva were 10.33⊥ and (261.26㊣24.1)⊥﹞days, respectively, for a whole generation were 10.28⊥and (458.68㊣57.60)⊥﹞days, respectively.

3) The population net reproduction rate(R_o),the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m),the mean generation time (T),the finite rate of increase (竹) and the days for population doubling time (t) of the brine shrimp were determined over a temperature range of 19 ⊥‵34 ⊥. The results shown that the optimum temperature (⊥) for R_o, r_m, 竹 and t were 25.8,29.8, 30.5 and 29.02, respectively. The maximum values of R_o, r_m and 竹 were 54.86 ind., 0.11 day^-1 and 1.1 day^-1, respectively. The minimum value of t was 4.73 days. In the temperature range of 14.3⊥‵37.3⊥, the value of T was in a range of 96.77‵16.10 days.

4) Based on the data about the water temperature in the Gahai Salt Lake, Qinghai Province, which was collected from 1993 to 1994 and in 1997, it was estimated that the annual number of generation of A. parthenogenetica gahai and the annual number of the reproductive peak were 2.67㊣0.34 and 4.69㊣0.43, respectively, in a year. The peak of nauplii of first generation was from April 20 to 28. The last generation began on August 10. The first reproductive peak was from June 18 to 25. The last reproductive peak was from September 12 to 17. The nauplii hatching after September 1, could not complete the development from nauplii to adult because of insufficient habitat effective accumulative temperature. During a period from July 11 to September 20, there was a relatively high population productivity. In this case, doubling of the population would take less than 30 days, and the intrinsic rate of natural increase was over 0.02 day^-1. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):175-182, 2002]

Key words Brine shrimp(Artemia parthenogenetica gahai), Gahai Salt Lake, Cold tolerance, Developmental temperature, Life table, Generation, Exploitation potentiality

﹛

Distribution of Glires in arid regions of China

ZHOU Li-Zhi^ＫＬＭMA Yong^ＫYE Xiao-Di^Ｋ

(ＫInstitute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China)

(ＬSchool of Life Science, Anhui University, Hefei 235000, Anhui, China)

(ＭBiology Department, Huaibei Coal Industry Teachers' College, Huaibei 235000,Anhui, China)

Abstract The arid regions of China including Mongolian-Xinjiang warm-temperature arid region and Qinghai-Tibet frigid arid region are located in the West of China, administerially in whole Xinjiang, nearly whole Inner Mongolia, greater parts of Tibet, Qinghai, Gansu and Ningxia, and lesser parts of Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Liaoning and Jilin, ranging from 73～40∩to 123～40∩E,28～to 50～N. There are 120 species of rodents including Lagomorpha and Rodentia.

All of the species collection since 1950's were inspected and examined, then the distribution information including collection localities, habitat, distribution height, collection time and so on were put into database. Distributional data in literatures were also collected. Based on the revised distributional information supported by a GIS technique, MapInfo Professional Version 4.0, species ranges were predicted by a wildlife-habitat model. Based on these GIS model of species range maps the distribution patterns of rodent species were studied. 766 equal-area quadrangle grids that each had an area of 6 470 square kilometers were used as geographic units to collect distributional data of the species supported by MapInfo Professional Version 4.0. All the grids with the distributional data of binary attribute were divided into groups by hierarchical cluster analysis according to Euclidean distance. In order to show species richness of rodents in the groups of distributional units, we retrieved more detailed distributional information in 766 grids from GIS database. Index of Shannon-Wiener in the grid groups was calculated as the index of species diversity according to the occurrence frequency of species in grid groups. Species density of distribution types, which were classified according to the species' preference to thermic and moisture, in the grid groups was also calculated.

Results were showed as follows. The 766 distributional units could be divided into 30, 9, 5 and 3 groups, where Euclidean distance was 11.379, 17.068, 22.758 and 28玩447, respectively. All the groups had their corresponding geographic areas in maps. Specially the species richness, species diversity, fauna and ecological distributional types in 9 groups were analyzed. From these 9 groups of distributional units, three obvious distributional regions could be recognized. They were ＫｉAa:forest-steppe and arid steppe in piedmont of Da Hinggan Mountain, east of Inner Mongolia Plateau and the area around, ｉAb:arid steppes in Ningxia Plateau, Helan Mountain, center of Inner Monglia Plateau, Ordus Plateau and the area around, ｉBa:Qinghai-Tibet Plateau not including Qilin Mountain, and Pamir Plateau, ｉBb:wide temperature desert from Alxa Desert to Tarim and Jungar Basin; ＬｊA:east of Qilin Mountains, ｊB:north slope of Qilin Mountain and its piedmont plains; ＭｋA:Altay Mountain and the plains of south piedmont, ｋBa:Emin Valley, boundary mountains of Jungar and its piedmont plains, ｋBb:Tianshan Mountain in Ili and Ili Valley. Rodent species in these regions took on the distributional patterns as follows. Ｋ In the lower altitude of arid regions of China, with the change of landscape prairie, semi-desert to desert, so were the relative distribution patterns of groups of distributional units, where hygrophilous species declined and xerophilous species increased. Ｌ Rodent components in frigid desert regions of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Parmir Plateau were closely related to those of warm-temperature and warmer-temperature desert regions with lower species diversity. Ｍ Rodent components in Altay Mountains and the plains in their south slope were special, having more hypothermohygrophilous species. Ｎ There were complex rodent fauna in Tianshan mountains and the valley in Ili, boundary mountains and its eastern plains of Jungar, north slope and east of Qilian Mountain with the characteristic of intergradations. Ｏ Rodent species richness and diversity were higher in the ecotones, taking on edge effects. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):183-194, 2002]

Key words Glires, Arid regions of China, GIS, Species distribution, Grid

E-mail: hb196311@mail.ahbbptt.net.cn

﹛

Effects of flavonoid of Ginkgo biloba on the functional changes following brain injury in rats

HE Hai-Yan YANG Dong-Ni QIAN Cheng YUAN Hong-Sheng SUN Jiu-Rong

(College of Lifescience, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China)

Abstract We used a modified animal model to evaluate the effects of flavonoid of Ginkgo biloba (FGb), a major content of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGB), on the functional and physiological changes following traumatic brain injury(TBI). The cortical injury was impact delivered by a metal rod on the left motor cortex of the anesthetized rat. The impact device consists of a glass tube set vertically over the anesthetized rat head. A rod weighted 37.5 g with the diameter of its impact tip being 3.6 mm. Without destroying the dura, this impact injured the left motor cortex but did not produce significant cardio-respiratory effects. Thus, neither generalized hypoxia, ischemia, nor brain herniation at the injured site with local ischemia-hypoxia, confounded our conclusions. Male Wistar rats, weighting 150‵200 g, were used in the three groups of experiments. In behavioral group, effects of FGb on the recovery process of locomotive equilibrium ability of rats following TBI were tested. A rotating beam was used to evaluate the locomotive equilibrium ability of the rats. Animals were randomly divided into three subgroups after cortex injury: (1) FGb treatment group (n=4); (2) EGb treatment group (n=6); (3) control group (n=6). In cortex group the volume of cortex and lateral ventricles of the rats were measured 30 days after TBI. Animals were divided into three subgroups: (1) sham group (n=6) in which animals received a craniotomy but were not injured; (2) L-saline group (n=6) in which animals were injured and treated with saline; (3) L-FGb group (n=6) in which animals were injured and treated with L-FGb. In amino acid group we measured the concentration of two excitatory amino acids (glutamate and aspartic acid) and two inhibitory amino acids (GABA and glycine) in the cortex and hippocampus of rats at 3, 6 and 48 hour after TBI. Animals were divided into four subgroups: (1) normal group (n=4) in which animals were sacrificed without craniotomy; (2)control group (n=18) in which animals were injured and treated with saline; (3) FGb treatment group 1 (n=18) in which animals were injured and treated with 25 mg/kg/d of FGb; (4) FGb treatment group 2 (n=6) in which animals were injured and treated with 50 mg/kg/d of FGb. We found that FGb remarkably accelerated the recovery process of the locomotive equilibrium ability of rats after TBI and ameliorated cerebral edema caused by the injury. At 3 hours after injury, the concentrations of all four amino acids decreased. The duration and magnitude of the variation of the concentrations of these four amino acids were different between the cortex and hippocampus, and were also different with each other. But FGb obviously inhibited the immediate declination of those amino acids following the injury. These results indicate that the amelioration of edema and inhibition of the declination of the four amino acids following the injury may be the possible mechanisms of the promoting effects of FGb on the functional recovery of TBI. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):195-201, 2002]

Key words Rats, Traumatic brain injury, Amino acid, Cerebral edema, Flavonoid, Ginkgo biloba (FGb)

E-mail:rh@pubms.pku.edu.cn

﹛

Properties of gastrointestinal disaccharidase in pig

XU Zi-Rong LI Wei-Fen SUN Jian-Yi

(Feed Science Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China)

Abstract The properties and distribution of three gastrointestinal disaccharidases in pig, including maltase, sucrase and lactase, were studied. Growing pigs of Du-Jia, a hybrid race, were used. Small intestine was removed immediately after slaughter. The mucosa from stomach fundus, duodenum, upper jejunum and ileum was scraped with a blunt side of knife. Mucosa samples (about 0.5 g) was homogenized with 4.0 ml of cold maleate buffer (0.1 mol/L, pH=6.8). The supernatant was collected by centrifugation (3 000 r/min, 10 min, 4⊥) and used for determination of three disaccharidase activities and protein content. Jejunal mucosa extract was used to study the properties of three disaccharidases, including optimal temperature, heat stability, optimal pH, pH stability and the effects of metallic ions on enzymes activities. Disaccharidase activities from mucosal extracts were measured to investigate their distribution along gastrointestinal tract essentially according to the modified method of Dahlqvist (1968). The enzyme activities were determined by incubating 0.1 ml of properly diluted enzyme solution with 0.1 ml of 0.056 mol/L substrate (maltose, sucrose, lactose) for 30 min at 37⊥. The reaction was terminated on a boiling bath. The released glucose amount was estimated by a Kit supplied by the Shanghai Institute of Biological Products. One unit of disaccharidase activity was defined as the amount of the enzyme that can hydrolyse 0.1 米mol/L of substrate equivalent per minute under the assay conditions. Protein content was determined according to the method of Bradford (1976) with bovine serum albumin as a standard. Maltase, sucrase and lactase had respective maximum activity at 50⊥,45⊥ and 55⊥. After 30 min incubation at 55⊥, maltase and sucrase retained 50% of their initial activity, and lactase retained 72%. After 30 min incubation at 72⊥, maltase, sucrase and lactase retained 24.05%, 24.21% and 62.04% of their initial activity, respectively. So lactase was stable below 70⊥, but maltase and sucrase were stable below 50⊥. Maltase, sucrase and lactase had their optimum at pH 6.8, 6.5 and 6.0, respectively. Three disaccharidases had more than 80% residual activity between pH 3.0‵8.0. All three disaccharidases were insensitive to pH. Metallic ions Cu²⁺ and Fe²⁺ could stimulate the activities of three disaccharidases, Mn²⁺ had an inhibitory effect on these enzymes. Zn²⁺had a stimulatory effect on sucrase and the inhibitory effect on maltase. The distribution of three disaccharidases along the gastrointestinal tract in decreasing order was jejunum, ileum, duodenum, and stomach. There were no significant difference in maltase activities between ileum and jejunum, but higher than those in duodenum and stomach (P<0.01), and its activities in duodenum was higher than that in stomach(P<0.01). The sucrase and lactase activities in jejunum were higher than that in ileum, duodenum and stomach(P<0.01). The maltase activities were significant more than sucrase and lactase activities in stomach (P<0.02) and duodenum (P<0.01). The maltase activities was significant more than sucrase(P<0.01), and sucrase more than lactase in jejunum and ileum(P<0.01).These results indicate that three gastrointestinal disaccharidases have different properties but similar distribution along the gastrointestinal tract. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):202-207, 2002]

Key words Pig, Disaccharidase, Properties, Gastrointestinal tract, Mucosa

﹛

Comparison of microsomal p450 monooxygenases in midgut and fatbody tissues of 6th instar larvae of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)

QIU Xing-Hui LI Wei LENG Xin-Fu

(State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents,Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China)

Abstract Cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) is a major pest of many agricultural plants around the world. The explosion of the cotton bollworm populations is mainly attributed to its tolerance of an adverse chemical environment. The major enzyme involved in the primary detoxification pathway of insecticide and other exogenous compounds in general is cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. To better understandthe biochemical property of these monooxygenases, we assayed the components of P450 monooxygenase electron transport systems and some activities of the microsomal P450 monooxygenases in the two main detoxification tissues (fatbody and midgut) of 6th instar larvae of cotton bollworm by spectrophotometry and gas chromatography. The results were compared between the two tissues.

The microsomal pellet from larval midgut was even, while that from larval fat body was separated as two fractions: the upper layer (Fraction ｉ) contained the majority of the microsomal proteins and preserved more than 90% of monooxygenase activities. The technical problem in determination of cytochrome P450 and b5 contents caused by the milk-like fatbody microsomal preparation could be overcome if excluding fraction ｊ from the preparations.

Compared with fatbody microsome, the midgut microsome contained significantly higher levels of cytochrome P450 (2.14 fold), b5 (2.62 fold) and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (2.00 fold) and showed significantly higher aldrin epoxidation (2.73 fold) and p-nitroanisole demethylation (1.78 fold). The assay results of the contents and the activities of the monooxygenases indicate that midgut plays very important roles in the metabolism of foreign compounds in cotton bollworm. The differences of monooxygenases in midgut and fatbody were observed in kinetic parameters and SDS-PAGE patterns. The Km of p-nitroanisole O-demethylase from fatbody (0.1648 mmol/L) was much lower than that from midgut (3.8498 mmol/L), which indicates that fatbody microsomes have stronger affinity to the substrate p-nitroanisole. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):208-212, 2002]

Key words Cotton bollworm(Helicoverpa armigera), Midgut, Fatbody, Cytochrome P450, Monooxygenase

E-mail: qiuxh@panda.ioz.ac.cn

﹛

Seasonal changes and neuroendocrine regulation of growth hormone secretion

in feral catfish (Silurus asotus)

WEN Hai-Shen^ＫLIN Hao-Ran^Ｋ*XIAO Dong^ＫA.O.L. WONG^ＬE.K.Y. LEE^Ｌ

(ＫInstitute of Aquatic Economic Animal, Zhongshan University, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Fine Breed Reproduction and Breeding of Aquatic Economic Animal, Guangzhou 510275,China)

(ＬDepartment of Zoology, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China)

Abstract The catfish (Silurus asotus) distributes widely throughout the freshwaters of China, Korea and Japan, and is a high commercially valuable aquaculture fish in the north region of China. The natural stocks of this species have decreased gradually in recent years, therefore, it is desirable to study endocrine physiology of the feral catfish, particularly seasonal changes of growth hormone (GH) secretion and their regulationcontrol mechanism. To date, there have been no published study on GHs ecretion and regulation in this catfish. In the present study, we investigated seasonal changes in the serum and pituitary gland GH levels and the response to neurohormone and dopaminergic drugs in vitro and in vivo stimulation of GH release.

In vitro experiment were conducted using a validated pituitary fragments perifusion system. Briefly, the pituitary glands collected from sexually regressed female feral catfish from Pearl River, were chopped into fragments (1 mm³) and were washed with medium 199 and placed between two layers of Cytodex-ｋ beads in the perifusion columns at 19㊣1⊥. In each experiment, two pituitary glands were each divided into two identical parts, and transferred to four perifusion chambers and perifused immediately. Five-minute fractions of perifusate were collected with a LKB fraction collector and stored at -25⊥ for growth hormone (GH) assay. GH levels in perifusate, serum and pituitary gland were measured by using a validated GH radioimmunoassay (RIA) for common carp. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs␛des Gly¹⁰(D-Ala⁶)LHRH ethylamide,LHRH-A␝were prepared as a stock solution of 10^-5 M in 0.8% NaCl and stored at -25⊥,and was diluted in perifusion medium to the working concentrations just before use. Apomorphine (APO), a agonist of dopamine (DA), was dissolved in 0.8% NaCl, and diluted in perifusion medium to the working concentration prior to use. Perifusion of two-minute pulses of different concentrations of LHRH-A (101 001 000 nmol/L) failed to stimulate GH release by in vitro pituitary fragments, and the injection of LHRH-A (0.01 米g/g.b.w.) was ineffective to enhance GH levels in the serum. Injection of DA (50 米g/g.b.w.) potentiated significantly (P<0.05) GH levels in the serum. Perifusion of two-minute pulses of different concentrations of APO (101 001 000 nmol/L) increased significantly (P<0.05) GH release of the pituitary fragments in a dose-dependent manner.

Female and male catfishes were serially blood sampled in March, April, June, July, September, and December by puncturing the caudal vasculature with a 25-guage 1.3-cm needle attached to a 1.2-ml disposable syringe. Blood samples were all owed to clot on ice for several hours, and the serum separated by centrifugation and stored at -25⊥.After dissecting the skull, pituitary was removed and stored at -25⊥for measurement of GH contents. The serum and pituitary GH levels were determined by GH RIA. Results indicated that there was one basal GH peak in the serum in June, and there were two basal GH peaks in the pituitary in March and July respectively. Seasonal basal GH levels in the serum and pituitary gland of female catfishes were significantly higher than those of male catfishes. These results suggest that seasonal changes of basal GH levels in the serum and pituitary gland are evidently correlated to the reproductive cycle. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):213-220, 2002]

Key words Catfish (Silurus asotus), Growth hormone (GH), Dopaminergic drugs, Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogs (LHRH-A)

*E-mail: Ls32@zsu.edu.cn

﹛

In vitro studies on gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in Rana rugulosa

LI Yuan-You^ＫＬ牧LIN Hao-Ran^Ｋ*玟

(Ｋ School of Life Science, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

(Ｌ Science Center, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, Guangdong, China)

Abstract In vitro release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the slices of the brain preoptic玨hypothalamus-median eminence (P-H-ME) region of adult Rana rugulosa females was studied by using a static incubation system and raidoimmunoassay (RIA). 污-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at 0.1‵10 米mol/L (significantly) stimulated the release of mammalian GnRH (mGnRH) from the slices of P-H-ME of sexually pre-mature frog, the stimulatory action was enhanced with the increasing concentrations of GABA, and was significant at 1 米mol/L or 10 米mol/L; 100 米mol/L dopamine (DA) and 1 米mol/L or 10 米mol/L estradiol (E₂) markedly inhibited the release of chicken-ｊ GnRH (cGnRH-ｊ). Both 10 米mol/L or 100 米mol/L testosterone (T) and 100 米mol/L E₂ significantly stimulated the release of mGnRH from the slices of P-H-ME of hibernating frog. These results demonstrate that GABA, DA, E₂ and T may have direct regulatory action on GnRH release from the brain of R. rugulosa. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):221-226, 2002, in English with Chinese abstract]物

Key words Rana rugulosa, Gonadotropin-eleasing hormone, In vitro release, Raidoimmunoassay

* E-mail:ls32@zsu.edu.cn

﹛

Expression of MMP-2, TIMP-1,-3 mRNAs in mouse placenta

GAO Fei FU Guo-Qiang MA Jie WEI Peng FENG Qiang HU Zhao-Yuan LIU Yi-Xun^*牧

(State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science,

Beijing 100080, China)

Abstract Expression of MMP-2, TIMP-1,-3 mRNAs in the mouse placenta at various stages of pregnancy was examined using in situ hybridization. The results showed that MMP-2 mRNA mainly localized in the spongiotrophoblast cells on day 10.5 and day 11.5, indicating invasive property of this type of the cells. On day 13.5 of pregnancy, the expression of MMP-2 decreased in the spongiotrophoblast cells, which was consistent with the fact that these cells almost stop to invade into the decidua at this time. TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNA were expressed in both decidual and trophoblast cells. The decidual cells expressed TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNA on day 7.5 and day 8.5. TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNA was mainly detected in the spongiotrophoblast cells after day8.5 to day 12.5. The synergistic expression of these two kinds of inhibitors may regulate the invasion of trophoblast cells. Trophoblast cells expressed both MMP-2 and TIMPs, indicating that these cells may avoid to be destroyed by the

proteinase secreted by themselves through this mechanism and limited the proteolytic activity of MMPs toward certain region in the maternal decidua. On day 10.5, trophoblast giant cell expressed both TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 mRNA, which may be consistent with their functional switch. So it is reasonable to suggest that MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-3 play an important role in the process of mouse placentation. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):227-232, 2002]物

Key words Mouse placenta, Trophoblast, Spongiotrophoblast, Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), Tissueinhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)

*E-mail:Liuyx@panda.ioz.ac.cn

﹛

Cytological study on fertilization of allotetraploid hybrids of

red crucian carp(﹦) ℅common carp(﹥)

LI Jian-Zhong ZHANG Xuan-Jie LIU Shao-Jun FENG Hao LIU Yun^*

(College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China)

Abstract Serial sections of fertilized eggs were used to study the fertilization of the allotetraploid fish which was developed with hybridizing red crucian carp(Carassius auratus red variety,﹦) with common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.,﹥).The cytological behavior during the fertilization of the allotetraploid hybrid was depicted in detail in this paper. The fertilized eggs of the allotetraploid fish were fixed in Smith's solution and dehydrated by alcohol. Then the tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The thickness of the tissue sections was from 6 to 8 micrometers. Before the sperm entering the egg, the mature eggs of the allotetraploid fish remained at the metaphase of the secondary maturation division. At this stage, a funnel-like depression could be seen nearby the animal pole on the chorion and at the bottom of the depression was located the micropylar canal where no micropylar cell was observed. The diameter of the outer opening of the micropylar canal was always bigger than the inner one. The number of diploid sperm penetrating into the egg was limited because of the narrow micropylar canal. In the fertilized eggs, as many as four sperms entering the micropyle were observed. The micropyle was blocked by the fertilization plug as soon as the sperm entered the egg. When the water temperature was between 18⊥ and 20⊥, the spermaster could be clearly seen and the second polar body was extruded about 8 minutes after insemination which showed that the egg was developing into the anaphase of the secondary maturation division. At 13 minutes after insemination, the sperm nucleus became vesicular nuclear. At 18 minutes after insemination, the male pronucleus was observed and the female pronucleus was formed at the same time. At 23 minutes after insemination, the male pronucleus and the female pronucleus moved toward the center of the blastodisk, then fused with each other. At about 33 minutes after insemination, the zygote nucleus was formed. At 38 minutes after insemination, the first cleavage was observed and the first cleavage furrow of the blastodisk appeared at 53 minutes. From all the results, we concluded that the allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp(﹦) ℅ common carp(﹥) underwent the normal fertilization process and the fertilization type was monospermism. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):232-239, 2002]

Key words Allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp(﹦) ℅ common carp(﹥),Diploid oocyte, Diploid sperm, Monospermism

*E-mail:liuyun@hunnu.edu.cn

﹛

Sexual difference in expression of the gynecophoral canal protein gene and the

actin gene of Schistosoma japonicum (CHINESE STRAIN)

ZHU Jian-Guo^Ｋ^,Ｌ*牧LIN Jiao-Jiao^ＫYANG Guan-Zhen^ＬNI Zhen-Ya^ＫCHEN Zhao-Guo^Ｋ

WU Xiang-Fu^ＬZHOU Yuan-Cong^ＬCAI You-Min^Ｋ**

(Ｋ Shanghai Institute of Animal Parasitology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Shanghai 200232,China)

(Ｌ Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031,China)

Abstract A 868 bp cDNA fragment, named SjGCP1, encoding part of gynecophoral canal protein, and a 1131﹛bp cDNA fragment, named SjAct, encoding actin, were amplified with RT-PCR from mRNA of adult Schistosoma japonicum (Chinese strain). Sexual differences of the corresponding genes were studied by Southern blotting, Northern blotting and Dot blotting with 汐-P³² labeled probes synthetized with the two fragments using Nick Translation Kit respectively. Southern blotting showed that both SjAct and SjGCP1 are all positive in male and female samples while the result of Northern blotting indicated that SjAct is positive in both sexes and SjGCP1 positive only in male. Additionally, although SjAct was shown to be transcribed in both male and female, the amount of RNA transcribed is much more in male than that in female. This led us to conclude that SjGCP is only expressed in male and SjAct is expressed more favorably in male than in female. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):240-244, 2002]

Key words Schistosoma japonicum, Gynecophoral canal protein, Actin, Sex difference

^* E-mail: zigzylzh@online.sh.cn

^**E-mail: caassp@public.sta.net.cn

﹛

Morphologic features of renal cell related to reabsorption in two-humped camel

CHEN Qiu-Sheng^Ｋ*WANG Wen-Hui^Ｌ

(Ｋ Veterinary Department of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095,China)

(Ｌ Veterinary Department of Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070,China)

Abstract Ultrastructure of tubuli renales cells and interstitial tissue capillaries in 18 two-humped camels (Camelus bactrianus) was investigated with transmission electron microscope in order to find the morphologic features related to renal reabsorption. The results revealed that invaginations extended into the cytoplasm between the bases of the microvilli,that expanded and gave rise to many pinocytotic vesicles in the epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule(PCT) with a well developed brush border. Mitchondria accumulated and the basal infoldings were obvious in the epithelium of PCT. There were more mitchondria and basal infoldings in cells of the distal convoluted tubule(DCT) although microvilli were shorter and fewer than those in PCT. Tight junctions occurred obviously between apices of adjacent epithelial cells of the PCT and DCT. Epithelial cells of collecting tubules included more light cells and less dark ones, the former with a few of mitchondria while the latter with more. Dark cells were seen in inner zone of medulla although their number decreased gradually from cortex to medulla. Interstitial connective tissue was scarce and capillaries were abundant in the cortex. The endothelium of capillary in cortex and vasa recta in medulla was apparently fenestrated capillary. It is showed that the kidney of two玨humped camels possesed a strong reabsorption ability, which corresponded with their tolerance of water shortage. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):245-250, 2002]

Key words Two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus), Tubulli renales, Renal capillaries,Cell ultrastructure, Reabsorption

*E-mail:chenqsh305@yahoo.com

﹛

Ultrastructure of the vegetative cell and resting cyst in Pseudourostyla cristata (Ciliophora,Hypotrichida)

GU Fu-Kang NI Bing YANG Zhen-Yun DU Bao-Jian

(Department of Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China)

Abstract The study on the structure differentiation and organelle function under different physiological status in ciliates was carried out with transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that an axostyle-like structure was present in the cytoplasm of vegetative Pseudourostyla cristata. The structure, which was similar to the flagellate axostyle in shape, might be related to cell shaping and movement. The autophagocytosis took place during encystment of the ciliate, which might be a way to utilize self玨material and supply energy in the cell. The tubular complex, in which many membranous tubules converged closely together, occurred in the cytoplasm, and the osmiophilic crystals showing high electron density, appeared within the complex. The complex was developed in special physiological condition, which might be Golgi body. The crystals might be a cyst-wall precursor secreted by the Golgi body. All the axostyle-like structures and ciliary shafts degenerated. A port of the kinetosomes and subpellicular microtubules remained. The cyst wall consisted of granular layer, endocyst and ectocyst, which were formed in succession. Because the cyst was basically similar to that of Urostyla grandis in morphological features, it should be the Urostylidae-type cyst. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):251-257, 2002]

Key words Pseudourostyla cristata (Ciliophora, Hypotrichida), Vegetative cell, Autophagocytosis, Golgi body, Resting cyst

﹛

Micronuclear effect on structural stability of the oral apparatus in hypotrichous ciliate (Pseudourostyla cristata)

JIN Li-Pei^* JIN Hua-Zhong

(School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510275, China)

Abstract To explore the generality of the morphogenetic function of the micronucleus among ciliates, we employed five stocks of hypotrichous ciliate Pseudourostyla cristata: 2, 4, 6, 28 and 46, and five amicronucleate cell lines:2aml, 4aml, 6aml, 28aml and 46aml derived from stocks 2, 4, 6, 28 and 46 respectively, which were generated by amputation of the cell when the micronuclei became aligned on the left side of the amalgamated macronuclei during cell division. Micronucleate cell lines 2ml, 4ml, 28ml and 46ml derived after amputation but retaining the micronuclei were also studied and served as controls. For observation of the cortex and nuclei, protargol staining was used throughout.

The evident character of the amicronucleate cell lines, as compared with the normal and the micronucleate cell lines, was that a substantial proportion of cells exhibited an abnormal adoral zone of membranelles (AZM). When the culture medium began to age after 7‵10 days, the culture soon entered stationary phase of growth. During the period abnormal AZMs were observed in over 50% of amicronucleate cells in various cell lines, among which the percentage of 6aml cells with defective AZM came up to 98%. In fact, the percentage of cells with abnormal AZM in a culture population was changeable and varied from low to high from exponential growth phase to stationary phase. These abnormal patterns involved various degrees of reduction of membranellar width in the anterior and middle part of the AZM lapel (AZM-L), and in severe cases disruption of AZM continuity due to the loss of some membranelles, and also indentation of the cytoplasm in this region.

Morphogenesis of the amicronucleates in binary fission and in physiological reorganization was observed. Restructuring of the pre-existing oral apparatus, both during binary fission in the putative proter and during physiological reorganization, resulted in the formation of a normal AZM. After restoration of normal AZM in binary fission or physiological reorganization, abnormal AZM patterns reappeared later before the next round of morphogenesis. There was some indication that shedding of some membranelles generated the abnormal AZM patterns. It is possible that some cytoskeletal or cytoplasmic infirmity have existed in the vicinity of the AZM.

According to the above results, we suggest that the somatic function of the micronucleus should be unrelated to oral development, but rather, it maintain the integrity of the AZM after it has been developed. On the other hand, it remains possible that the micronucleus does affect oral development: its absence may result in abnormal development of the subsurface cytoskeleton and/or other supportive elements in the vicinity of the AZM; accordingly, the abnormal AZM patterns exhibited later in the cell cycle could simply be a lagging manifestation of structural defects incurred earlier during stomatogenesis. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):258-263, 2002]

Key words Hypotrichous ciliate (Pseudourostyla cristata), Binary fission, Physiological reorganization, Stomatogenesis, Micronucleus

* E-mail: lpjin@21cn.com

﹛

A method of extracting genomic DNA from animal specimen preserved in formalin

XU Lai-Xiang^ＫＬ牧ZHANG Zhi-Bin^Ｋ**牧SONG Ming-Jing^ＫCAO Xiao-Ping^Ｋ

WANG Fu-Sheng^ＫZHANG Chun-Guang^Ｍ

(ＫNational Key Laboratory of Integrated pest Management, Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China)

(ＬDepartment of Biology, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165,Shandong,China)

(ＬＭ Systematics and Evolution Research Centre, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080,China)

Abstract The extraction of genomic DNA from long preserved animal specimen fixed with formalin and the application of this kind of DNA in molecular research is an unsettled problem until now. This paper reports a new method to extract genomic DNA from the liver specimen of rat like hamster (Cricetulus triton) and muscle specimen of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) preserved in formalin. First, took some liver tissue of the rat like hamster (Cricetulus triton) and muscle tissue of the eel (Anguilla japonica); second, cleaned them with PBS solution; and dried them with sterilized water-absorbing paper; third, cut them into the pieces about 50mg weight; and put the pieces into PBS solution for 12‵24 hours; fourth, flooded them in two changes of 70% alcohol for 12‵24 hours each, then infuse them into alcohol as the following concentration: in two changes of 80% alcohol for 2 hours each, two changes of 90% alcohol for 2 hours each, two changes of 100% alcohol for 1 hour each, after all of the above treatment, put the samples into 1/2 PBS solution for 12 hours, during this treatment, changed the 1/2 PBS solution once. The extraction method was based on that described by Sambrook et al.(1989) with modification. The final concentration of proteinase k was 100 米g/ml. During the 3‵6 hr incubation in water bath, the temperature was kept at50⊥ to 56⊥, and the reaction tube was taken out and shook slightly again and again. If the specimen tissue was not digested well, more proteinase k must be added to the solution (usually half of the standard quantity) until all the tissue was digested completely. After the last extraction by phenol and chloroform, the supernatant fluid was transferred into dialysis bag. When deposited, the DNA should be deposited at -20⊥ for 20 minutes. The key to this method was the pretreatment of the specimen. First, remove the formalin from the specimen under the condition that the genomic DNA is not further degraded. Second, extract the genomic DNA from the specimen with the improved phenol and chloroform extraction method. Finally, purify the genomic DNA with dialysis bag. The result showed that the purified DNA could be used in PCR using random primer, the amplification of microsatellite site, southern and dot blotting. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):264-269, 2002]

Key words Formalin, Animal specimen, Genomic DNA, Rat-like hamster, Japanese eel

* E-mail:zhangzb@panda.ioz.ac.cn

﹛

Establishment of radioreceptor assay for black seabream (Sparus macrocephalus) GH receptor and its tissue distribution

DENG Li^ＫZANG Wei-Min^ＫLIN Hao-Ran^Ｋ*Christopher H. K. CHENG^Ｌ

(Ｋ Institute of Aquatic Economic Animal, Zhongshan University, and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangzhou 510275, China)

(Ｌ The Chinese University of Hongkong, Shatin, N. T., Hongkong, China)

Abstract The specific binding of ¹²⁵I labeled bream GH(brGH) to hepatic membrane of black seabream was assessed. The specific binding was time-dependent. Time of association to attain half of the maximum specific binding(T_a1/2) was 10.4 hour, and a steady state was reached after 20 hour of incubation at 25⊥. The dissociation of brGH from its binding sites appeared to proceed relatively rapidly during the first three hours. Only about 40% of the bound¹²⁵I-brGH could dissociate from its binding sites even after 24 hour of incubation, suggesting that the binding of brGH to black seabream hepatic membrane was only partly reversible. The specific binding was saturable with increasing amount of membrane protein or ¹²⁵I-brGH. The doses of unlabeled brGH required to obtain 50% displacement of ¹²⁵I-brGH from the hepatic membrane(ED₅₀) was 12 ng. Scachard(1949) analysis revealed a single high affinity GH binding site. The equilibrium constant of association(Ka) was (3.49㊣0.24)℅10.10 (mol/L)^-1, and the binding capacity(Bmax) was 146.8㊣10.6 fmol/mg protein. The results suggested that the specific binding of brGH to black seabream hepatic membrane had properties which are in agreement with the characteristics of hormone receptors. Therefore, a sensitive GH radioreceptor assay(RRA) was developed. Tissue preparations from brain, liver, kidney, muscle, gonad, gut and gill of black seabream had specific binding to brGH, with highest level in liver (P<0.05). [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):270-276, 2002]

Key words Black seabream (Sparus macrocephalus),Radioreceptor assay,GH receptor,Tissue distribution

*E-mail:ls32@zsu.edu.cn

﹛

Influence of hrIFN污on rabbit pregnancy

LIU Zhe YANG Ying CHEN Yun PENG Jing-Pian狀

(State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100080,China)

Abstract Cao et al.(1999) reported that human recombinet interferon gamma (hrIFN_污) exerted a certain anti玨contraceptive effect on the pregnant rabbit. In order to investigate the possible mechanisms by which interferon gamma (IFN玨污) exerts its deleterious effect on pregnancy, 12 New Zealand breed rabbits were used as an animal model. One day (Day 1) after the females were mated with male animals, They were randomly divided into 3 groups. There were control, hrIFN_污 50 000 IU and hrIFN_污 100 000 IU groups. Saline and hrIFN_污 of different doses were administered respectively to control and experimental rabbits via vaginal muscular injection on Day 6 and were killed on Day 12 of pregnancy. The fetus and placenta were weighed. The blood was collected before injection and at various intervals(6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h) after injection. The concentration of serum progesterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. The apoptosis in placenta were examined by DNA fragmentation analysis. The results were as folloows: 1) In control, 50 000 IU and 100 000 IU hrIFN_污 groups, progesterone level in serum were 26.20㊣0.74 ng/ml,17.81㊣0.55 ng/ml and 10.97㊣0.84 ng/ml respectively at 96 h after injection. In contrast with control group, progesterone production dropped significantly in rabbits treated with hrIFN_污, especially 100 000 IU hrIFN_污. 2) Apoptotic fragmentation of DNA(180 bp units) in placenta were detected both in control and experimental groups. The scan density of degraded DNA fragmentation in experimental group was higher than that in control, which suggested that apoptosis in placenta was further induced by hrIFN_污, especially by high dose hrIFN_污. In addition, the weight of placenta in rabbits treated with hrIFN_污 reduced significantly as compared with that in control group(Pˉ0.01). We suggest that hrIFN_污 inhibits the secretion of progesterone, as a result of inducing apoptosis in placenta. [Acta Zoologica Sinica 48(2):277-280, 2002]

Key words Rabbit, Placenta,hrIFN_污, Progesterone, Apoptosis

*Email:pengjp@panda.ioz.ac.cn

﹛

Hormonal control of 汐1,3-fucosyltransferase (FUT9) Gene expression during different functional stages of mouse endometrium

GE Chang-Hui^* WANG Han KONG Ying YAN Qiu ZHU Zheng-Mei^**牧

(Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Glycobiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116027, China)

Abstract Lewis X(Le^x) is stage-specifically expressed on the surface of mammalian embryos. Histochemical evidences have showed that Le^x is expressed in endometrium, and may be controlled by ovarian hormones. It has been reported that FUT9 gene is the real specific gene encoding 汐1, 3-fucosyltransferase for the synthesis of terminal fucose of Le^x. In this article, the transcription of FUT9 and expression of Le^x oligosaccharide antigen in mouse endometrium were investigated. The mice(22‵25 g) were selected and treated as follows:(1) Estrous: females were checked by vaginal smears to determine their stage of estrus;(2) Early pregnancy: females were mated with males(1￣1), and the day of vaginal plug appearance was considered as day 1 of pregnancy;(3) Hormone replacement: after ovariectomy, mice were given subcutaneously estradiol benzoate and progesterone daily for 4 days. The results showed that the transcription level of FUT9 gene was:(1) periodically changed during estrous cycle: highest at estrus stage, and lowest at metestrus stage;(2) decreased obviously during early pregnancy, then maintained at a lower level from day 3 to day 5;(3) increased in the estradiol treatment group, and decreased obviously in the progesterone treatment group, and was at a middle level in the group treated with both estradiol and progesterone;(4) level of Le^x carrying proteins on the surface of endometrium did it coincide fully with that of FUT9 gene transcription, which indicated that other factors may be also involved in the regulation of Le^x expression in addition to the hormones. In summary, the expression of FUT9 gene in mouse endometrium is regulated by ovarian hormones, being up-regulated by estrogen and down-regulated by progesterone.

Key words Mouse, Endometrium, 汐1,3-fucosyltransferase, Le^x, Gene expression, Estradiol progesterone

*E-mail: chge@btamail.net.cn

**E-mail: zmzhu@mail.dlptt.ln.cn

﹛

Fluctuation of ketone bodies within diferent segments of the blood circulation

in starved and diabetic rats

MIAO Zhen-Chuan^* SONG We LI Lin-Jiang LI Qing-Huan LIU Shu-Sen

(State Key Lab of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China)

Abstract Blood ketone body level and ketone body ratio (acetoacetate/汕-hydroxybutyrate) are commonly used as clinical diagnostic indices.But there is no systematic study on the variability of these indices in the blood circulation. We investigated the concentration of ketone bodies within different segments of the circulation in fed ad libitum rats, starved rats and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Blood samples were drawn from femoral artery, suprarenal inferior vena cava and hepatic vein of each rat, respectively. The concentrations of acetoacetate and 汕-hydroxybutyrate were measured by enzymatic method. To avoid mixing of the blood streams, appropriate strangulation of the vessels was taken when sampling. The total ketone body level was always the highest in the hepatic vein, secondary in the femoral artery and the lowest in the suprarenal vena cava in rats in different states. But surprisingly, the concentration of acetoacetate was the lowest in the hepatic vein and the highest in the femoral artery. The ketone body levels elevated in both starvation and diabetes, and the ketone body ratios were changed in the circulation.While blood flows through extra-hepatic tissues, the total concentration of ketone body is undergoing degression, but the concentration of acetoacetate could be elevated due to the conversion of ketone body in extra hepatic tissues. Therefore, ketone body ratio is changeable in different segments of the blood circulation, including that between hepatic vein and artery. The correlation of ketone body ratio between arterial and hepatic venous blood could be effected by different pathophysiological states, such as starvation and diabetes. The ※Redox theory§ deserves a further discussion.

Key words Rat, Diabetic, Starved, Acetoacetate, 汕-Hydroxybutyrate, Ketone body ratio

E-mail: miaozc@panda.ioz.ac.cn

﹛

Top

﹛

Page Up

﹛